Hollow fiber membranes are gaining popularity in wastewater treatment applications due to their excellent efficiency and versatility. These membrane structures consist of miniature fibers arranged in a configuration, providing a large surface area for separation processes. The structured nature of hollow fibers allows for optimized removal of pollu

PVDF membrane bioreactors represent a promising technology for wastewater remediation. These systems offer several advantages, including efficient removal rates of chemical pollutants, minimal sludge generation, and optimized water quality. Furthermore, PVDF membranes are known for their durability, making them viable for long-term operation. To de